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Policy profile on 12 axes

How Poland Is Governed

Poland is a unitary state that scores 0.65 out of 1 on the V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index (2025). Government spending is 51% of GDP (IMF, 2025), the death penalty is abolished and same-sex couples have no legal recognition. Below: the laws, institutions and public spending of Poland, scored on the same 12 axes as the test, with every indicator and source.

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Policy profile

The 12 axes, indicator by indicator

This profile describes the country's policy regime (laws, institutions and public spending) from published indices, not the views of its people or its current leaders. Data as of October 2026; each value shows its own year.

Ownership+0.25PublicPrivate4 indicators and sources
  • State ownership of the economy (coded tier): State controls major firms in several sectors beyond utilities (energy, banking, telecom, mining, transport) (2026). State controls Orlen, PKO BP, PZU and PGE. Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Property Rights (0-100): 71.8 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Investment Freedom (0-100): 80 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Financial Freedom (0-100): 80 (2026). Source
Markets+0.20PlannedFree5 indicators and sources
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Business Freedom (0-100): 77.5 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Labor Freedom (0-100): 53.7 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Monetary Freedom (0-100): 73.8 (2026). Source
  • Regulatory Quality, estimate (-2.5 to 2.5): 0.79 (2025). Source
  • State ownership of the economy (coded tier): State controls major firms in several sectors beyond utilities (energy, banking, telecom, mining, transport) (2026). State controls Orlen, PKO BP, PZU and PGE. Source
Welfare-0.40SharedSelf-reliant4 indicators and sources
  • General government total expenditure (% of GDP): 50.86 (2025). Source
  • Public social spending (% of GDP): 23.07 (2024). Source
  • Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP): 5.5 (2023). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Tax Burden (0-100): 72.7 (2026). Source
Authority-0.45DemocraticStrong leader2 indicators and sources
  • Liberal Democracy Index (0-1): 0.65 (2025). Source
  • Judicial constraints on the executive (0-1): 0.71 (2025). Source
Security-0.50LibertyOrder4 indicators and sources
  • Freedom in the World civil liberties score (0-60): 48 (2025). Source
  • World Press Freedom Index score (0-100): 75.52 (2026). Source
  • Death penalty status: Abolished for all crimes (2025). Source
  • Prison population per 100,000 people: 191 (2025). Source
Structure+0.15LocalCentral2 indicators and sources
  • Territorial form of the state: Unitary state (2025). Source
  • Strong elected regional governments index (0-1): 0.85 (2025). Source
Morality+0.10ProgressiveTraditional3 indicators and sources
  • Same-sex marriage law (0 marriage, 1 civil union or partnership, 2 no recognition, 3 constitutional or statutory ban): No legal recognition (2026). Source
  • Abortion law: To preserve health, or a few narrow grounds such as rape (2025). Allowed only after rape or incest or to protect life or health since the 2020 ruling. Source
  • Women, Business and the Law: Legal Framework Index (0-100): 83.33 (2025). Source
Religion+0.05SecularReligious2 indicators and sources
  • Religion and the state: Secular state that recognizes, funds or partners with religions (concordats, church tax, recognized faiths), or religious personal-status law for some groups (2025). Source
  • Blasphemy or religious-insult law in force: In force (2025). Source
Technology-0.10EmbraceCaution3 indicators and sources
  • Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.56 (2023). Source
  • Nuclear power policy: Building or officially planning new reactors (2025). Source
  • Genetically modified crop cultivation: Cultivation banned or opted out (2025). Source
Culture+0.20MulticulturalNational identity4 indicators and sources
  • International migrant stock (% of population): 4.51 (2024). Source
  • Citizenship by birth in the territory: None: citizenship by descent only (2025). Source
  • Residence required for ordinary naturalization (years; 0 = no ordinary route): 8 years (2025). Three years with permanent residence, which itself takes five. Source
  • Dual citizenship for naturalizing adults: Allowed (2025). Source
Trade-0.65GlobalProtected4 indicators and sources
  • Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products (%): 1.33 (2022). Source
  • Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, all products (%): 1.95 (2022). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Trade Freedom (0-100): 79.4 (2026). Source
  • Trade (exports + imports) (% of GDP): 97.03 (2025). Source
Foreign policy-0.25CooperationStrength5 indicators and sources
  • Military expenditure (% of GDP): 4.5 (2025). Source
  • Military conscription: None: volunteer forces or no military (2025). Source
  • Nuclear weapons status (0 none, 1 considers, 2 pursues, 3 possesses): No nuclear weapons program (2023). Source
  • Party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: State party (2026). Source
  • Collective defense commitments: Integrated military alliance (NATO, a US mutual defense treaty, ANZUS, CSTO) (2026). Source

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Policy neighbours

Governed most like Poland

Every other country with a profile, tinted by how close its laws, institutions and public spending are to those of Poland on the same 12 axes. The percentage uses the 12 Axes match formula.

  1. 1Slovakia87%
  2. 2Croatia86%
  3. 3Romania86%
  4. 4Hungary84%
  5. 5Bulgaria82%
Least similarIran51%
World map of countries by how similar their policy regime is to PolandClosest: 1. Slovakia 87%, 2. Croatia 86%, 3. Romania 86%, 4. Hungary 84%, 5. Bulgaria 82%, 6. Norway 82%, 7. Finland 81%, 8. Greece 81%, 9. Italy 81%, 10. Japan 81%. Least similar: Iran 51%. Every country is in the list after the map.Poland
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FAQ

Poland: questions

How is Poland governed, on the 12 axes?

Poland is a unitary state that scores 0.65 out of 1 on the V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index (2025). Government spending is 51% of GDP (IMF, 2025), the death penalty is abolished and same-sex couples have no legal recognition. Its policy regime leans furthest toward Global on Trade (-0.65), Liberty on Security (-0.50) and Democratic on Authority (-0.45), on a scale from -1 to +1.

Which countries are governed most like Poland?

On the same 12 axes, the closest policy regimes are Slovakia (87%), Croatia (86%) and Romania (86%). The furthest is Iran (51%). Matches use the same formula as the 12 Axes test.

Where does the data on Poland come from?

From 42 indicators dated 2022 to 2026, published by V-Dem, Freedom House, the Heritage Foundation, the IMF, the OECD, the World Bank, SIPRI, Reporters Without Borders, the World Prison Brief, UN DESA and others. Among them: a press freedom score of 75.5 out of 100 (RSF, 2026), 191 prisoners per 100,000 people (2025), military spending of 4.5% of GDP (SIPRI, 2025) and 4.5% of residents born abroad (UN DESA, 2024). Every value, year and source is listed in the profile above.

Does the profile describe what people in Poland think?

No. It describes the policy regime: laws, institutions and public spending. It does not measure public opinion or the speeches of the current government. To see which country is governed closest to your own views, take the 12 Axes test and open the country match on your result.

Which political figures from Poland are on PoliticalTests?

So far Lech Wałęsa, each placed on the 12 axes of the 12 Axes Political Test from their own speeches, writings and record, with sources on the profile page. More figures are added over time.

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