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Policy profile on 12 axes

How Egypt Is Governed

Egypt is a unitary state that scores 0.12 out of 1 on the V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index (2025). Government spending is 23% of GDP (IMF, 2025), the death penalty is in use and same-sex relations are criminalized. Below: the laws, institutions and public spending of Egypt, scored on the same 12 axes as the test, with every indicator and source.

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Policy profile

The 12 axes, indicator by indicator

This profile describes the country's policy regime (laws, institutions and public spending) from published indices, not the views of its people or its current leaders. Data as of October 2026; each value shows its own year.

Ownership-0.35PublicPrivate4 indicators and sources
  • State ownership of the economy (coded tier): State dominates strategic sectors and much of large enterprise (2026). State and military-owned enterprises are prominent across construction, manufacturing and services. Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Property Rights (0-100): 35.5 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Investment Freedom (0-100): 65 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Financial Freedom (0-100): 50 (2026). Source
Markets-0.40PlannedFree5 indicators and sources
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Business Freedom (0-100): 51.4 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Labor Freedom (0-100): 43.1 (2026). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Monetary Freedom (0-100): 56 (2026). Source
  • Regulatory Quality, estimate (-2.5 to 2.5): -0.46 (2025). Source
  • State ownership of the economy (coded tier): State dominates strategic sectors and much of large enterprise (2026). State and military-owned enterprises are prominent across construction, manufacturing and services. Source
Welfare+0.70SharedSelf-reliant3 indicators and sources
  • General government total expenditure (% of GDP): 22.67 (2025). Source
  • Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP): 1.58 (2023). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Tax Burden (0-100): 85.7 (2026). Source
Authority+0.55DemocraticStrong leader2 indicators and sources
  • Liberal Democracy Index (0-1): 0.12 (2025). Source
  • Judicial constraints on the executive (0-1): 0.54 (2025). Source
Security+0.60LibertyOrder4 indicators and sources
  • Freedom in the World civil liberties score (0-60): 12 (2025). Source
  • World Press Freedom Index score (0-100): 24.92 (2026). Source
  • Death penalty status: Retentionist, executions in the last 5 years (2025). Source
  • Prison population per 100,000 people: 113 (2022). Source
Structure+0.95LocalCentral2 indicators and sources
  • Territorial form of the state: Unitary state (2025). Source
  • Strong elected regional governments index (0-1): 0.07 (2025). Source
Morality+0.90ProgressiveTraditional3 indicators and sources
  • Same-sex marriage law (0 marriage, 1 civil union or partnership, 2 no recognition, 3 constitutional or statutory ban): Same-sex relations criminalized (2026). Source
  • Abortion law: Prohibited, or only to save the woman's life (2025). Source
  • Women, Business and the Law: Legal Framework Index (0-100): 48.5 (2025). Source
Religion+0.75SecularReligious2 indicators and sources
  • Religion and the state: Official religion that is a main source of legislation, or religious courts control marriage and family law (2025). Source
  • Blasphemy or religious-insult law in force: In force (2025). Source
Technology-0.30EmbraceCaution3 indicators and sources
  • Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): 1.02 (2024). Source
  • Nuclear power policy: Building or officially planning new reactors (2025). Source
  • Genetically modified crop cultivation: None grown, no ban (2025). Source
Culture+0.75MulticulturalNational identity4 indicators and sources
  • International migrant stock (% of population): 0.98 (2024). Source
  • Citizenship by birth in the territory: None: citizenship by descent only (2025). Source
  • Residence required for ordinary naturalization (years; 0 = no ordinary route): 10 years (2025). Source
  • Dual citizenship for naturalizing adults: Restricted (some countries only, permission, or exceptions) (2025). Source
Trade+0.60GlobalProtected4 indicators and sources
  • Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products (%): 10.43 (2019). Source
  • Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, all products (%): 14.43 (2019). Source
  • Index of Economic Freedom 2026: Trade Freedom (0-100): 60.2 (2026). Source
  • Trade (exports + imports) (% of GDP): 51.33 (2025). Source
Foreign policy-0.15CooperationStrength5 indicators and sources
  • Military expenditure (% of GDP): 0.61 (2025). Source
  • Military conscription: Universal compulsory service (2025). Source
  • Nuclear weapons status (0 none, 1 considers, 2 pursues, 3 possesses): No nuclear weapons program (2023). Source
  • Party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Not a party (never joined, signed only, or withdrew) (2026). Source
  • Collective defense commitments: Other mutual defense commitment only (EU Treaty art. 42.7, Rio Treaty, Arab League treaty, bilateral pact) (2026). Source

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Policy neighbours

Governed most like Egypt

Every other country with a profile, tinted by how close its laws, institutions and public spending are to those of Egypt on the same 12 axes. The percentage uses the 12 Axes match formula.

  1. 1Iran84%
  2. 2Saudi Arabia83%
  3. 3Turkey73%
  4. 4United Arab Emirates73%
  5. 5Indonesia72%
Least similarCanada35%
World map of countries by how similar their policy regime is to EgyptClosest: 1. Iran 84%, 2. Saudi Arabia 83%, 3. Turkey 73%, 4. United Arab Emirates 73%, 5. Indonesia 72%, 6. Pakistan 70%, 7. Kenya 69%, 8. Nigeria 69%, 9. Philippines 67%, 10. India 65%. Least similar: Canada 35%. Every country is in the list after the map.Egypt
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FAQ

Egypt: questions

How is Egypt governed, on the 12 axes?

Egypt is a unitary state that scores 0.12 out of 1 on the V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index (2025). Government spending is 23% of GDP (IMF, 2025), the death penalty is in use and same-sex relations are criminalized. Its policy regime leans furthest toward Central on Structure (+0.95), Traditional on Morality (+0.90) and National identity on Culture (+0.75), on a scale from -1 to +1.

Which countries are governed most like Egypt?

On the same 12 axes, the closest policy regimes are Iran (84%), Saudi Arabia (83%) and Turkey (73%). The furthest is Canada (35%). Matches use the same formula as the 12 Axes test.

Where does the data on Egypt come from?

From 41 indicators dated 2019 to 2026, published by V-Dem, Freedom House, the Heritage Foundation, the IMF, the OECD, the World Bank, SIPRI, Reporters Without Borders, the World Prison Brief, UN DESA and others. Among them: a press freedom score of 24.9 out of 100 (RSF, 2026), 113 prisoners per 100,000 people (2022), military spending of 0.6% of GDP (SIPRI, 2025) and 1% of residents born abroad (UN DESA, 2024). Every value, year and source is listed in the profile above.

Does the profile describe what people in Egypt think?

No. It describes the policy regime: laws, institutions and public spending. It does not measure public opinion or the speeches of the current government. To see which country is governed closest to your own views, take the 12 Axes test and open the country match on your result.

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